Ukubuyekezwa kwezinkinga zekhwalithi zokubumba kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu futhi obanzi, ongachazwa ngokusho kwesizathu sokukhubazeka, umthwalo wemfanelo wokukhubazeka, kanye nendawo yokukhubazeka, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa.

(1) Ngokwenqubo noma inqubo yokukhiqiza yokukhiqiza amaphutha, kukhona ukukhubazeka kwekhwalithi enqubweni yokulungiswa kwezinto, ukukhubazeka kwekhwalithi kunqubo yokubumba kanye nokukhubazeka kwekhwalithi enqubo yokwelashwa kokushisa.

1) Ukukhubazeka okubangelwa izinto zokusetshenziswa. (1) Ukukhubazeka kokubumba okubangelwa izinto zokusetshenziswa: ukuqhekeka, ukuqhekeka, imigodi enciphayo, okuxekethile, ukungcola, ukuhlukaniswa, izibazi, ama-bubbles, ukufakwa kwe-slag, izimbobo zesihlabathi, ukugoqa, ukuklwebheka, ukufakwa okungeyona insimbi, amabala amhlophe nezinye iziphambeko; (2) Imifantu emide noma ephambanayo, ama-interlayers kanye nokunye ukukhubazeka okubangelwa ukukhubazeka kwempahla eluhlaza ngesikhathi sokubumba; (3) Kunezinkinga ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali ezinto ezingavuthiwe.

2) Ukukhubazeka okubangelwa ukuvala kuhlanganisa: indawo yokugcina emagebhugebhu, indawo yokugcina etshekile nobude obanele, i-end crack, end burr kanye ne-interlayer, njll.

I-3) Ukukhubazeka okubangelwa ukushisa kufaka phakathi ukuqhekeka, i-oxidation kanye ne-decarburization, ukushisa ngokweqile, ukushisa ngokweqile nokungalingani kokushisa, njll.

4) Amaphutha kuukuqambazihlanganisa ukuqhekeka, ukugoqa, imigodi yokugcina, usayizi nokwakheka okunganele, nokukhubazeka kwendawo, njll.

5) Ukukhubazeka okubangelwa ukupholisa nokwelashwa kokushisa ngemvaforging zihlanganisa: i-crack and white spot, deformation, ukungafani kokuqina noma okusanhlamvu okuqinile, njll.

(2) Ngokuvumelana nesibopho sokukhubazeka

1) Ikhwalithi ehlobene nenqubo yokubumba kanye nokwakhiwa kwamathuluzi -- ikhwalithi yokuklama (ukufaneleka komklamo wokuqamba). Ngaphambi kokufakwa ekukhiqizweni, onjiniyela nochwepheshe bazoguqula imidwebo yomkhiqizo ibe yiyoukuqamba imidwebo, yenza izinhlelo zenqubo, idizayini amathuluzi futhi ulungise ukukhiqiza. Wonke amasu okukhiqiza aselungile ngaphambi kokuthi adluliselwe ekukhiqizeni okusemthethweni. Phakathi kwazo, ikhwalithi yokuklama yenqubo kanye namathuluzi kanye nekhwalithi yokugunyazwa yamathuluzi ithinta ngokuqondile ikhwalithi yokubumba.

2) Ikhwalithi ehlobene nokuphathwa kokuqamba -- ikhwalithi yokuphatha.Ukuqambaukungasebenzi kahle kwekhwalithi okubangelwa isimo esibi semishini kanye nenkinga yokuxhuma. Sonke isixhumanisi senqubo yokukhiqiza yokukhiqiza singase sithinte izici zekhwalithi zokuqamba. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukulawula zonke izixhumanisi zokukhiqiza kusukela ekukhethweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kuya ekwelashweni kokushisa kwangemva kokubumba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.

3) Ikhwalithi ehlobene nenqubo yokukhiqiza -- ikhwalithi yokukhiqiza. Ukwenza iphutha lekhwalithi okubangelwa ukusebenza okungahambisani noma umthwalo wemfanelo obuthakathaka wesisebenzisi.

4) Ikhwalithi ehlobene neinqubo yokuhlola yokuqamba-- ikhwalithi yokuhlola. Abasebenzi abahlolayo kufanele bahlole ngokucophelela nangokucophelela ukuze bagweme ukuphuthelwa kokuhlolwa.

(3) Ngokwendawo yeziphambeko, kukhona ukukhubazeka kwangaphandle, ukukhubazeka kwangaphakathi kanye nokukhubazeka kwendawo.

1) Ubukhulu kanye nokuchezuka kwesisindo: (1) Umkhawulo wokusika kufanele ugcinwe umncane ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubunjwa kungacutshungulwa kube izingxenye ezifanelekayo; (2) Ubukhulu, ukwakheka kanye nokunemba kwesikhundla, kubhekise ekufosheni kobukhulu bangaphandle kanye nokuma kanye nendawo evunyelwe ukuchezuka; Ukuchezuka kwesisindo.

2) Ikhwalithi yangaphakathi: izidingo zesakhiwo se-metallographic, amandla noma ubulukhuni bokubumba ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa (yize ezinye izigqebhezana zingatholi ukwelashwa ngokushisa, kodwa kukhona nezimfuneko zekhwalithi ezingokwemvelo), kanye nezinhlinzeko kwezinye izinkinga zekhwalithi ezingaba khona.

3) Ikhwalithi yobuso: isho ukukhubazeka okungaphezulu, ikhwalithi yokuhlanza indawo kanye nokwelashwa okulwa nokugqwala kwezingcezu zokubumba.

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