Ukulingisa nokwenza izinto bekulokhu kuyizindlela ezivamile zokucubungula insimbi. Ngenxa yomehluko okhona ezinqubweni zokulingisa nokufoja, kukhona futhi umehluko omningi emikhiqizweni yokugcina ekhiqizwa yilezi zindlela ezimbili zokucubungula.

I-casting yinto ephonswa iyonke esikhunjeni, enokusabalalisa okufanayo kokucindezeleka futhi akukho mingcele ekuqondeni kokucindezela; Futhi ama-forgings acindezelwa amandla abheke ohlangothini olufanayo, ngakho-ke ukucindezeleka kwawo kwangaphakathi kunokuqondisa futhi kungakwazi ukumelana nokucindezela kokuqondisa.

Mayelana nokulingisa:

1. Ukusakaza: Kuyinqubo yokuncibilikisa insimbi ibe uketshezi oluhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezithile bese luluthululelwa esikhunjeni, okulandelwa ukupholisa, ukuqiniswa, nokwelashwa kokuhlanza ukuze kutholwe ukulingwa (izingxenye noma izikhala) ezinomumo, ubukhulu, kanye nezakhiwo ezinqunywe kusengaphambili. . Inqubo eyisisekelo yemboni yesimanje yokukhiqiza imishini.

2. Izindleko zezinto ezingavuthiwe ezikhiqizwa ngokulingisa ziphansi, ezingabonisa kangcono umnotho wayo ezingxenyeni ezinezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinezimbobo zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inokuguquguquka okubanzi nokusebenza okuhle komshini ophelele.

3. Ukukhiqizwa kokulingisa kudinga inani elikhulu lezinto (njengensimbi, izinkuni, uphethiloli, izinto zokubumba, njll.) kanye nezinto zokusebenza (ezifana neziko lensimbi, izixube zesihlabathi, imishini yokubumba, imishini yokwenza ingqikithi, imishini yokuwisa isihlabathi, imishini yokuqhumisa isibhamu. , izingcwecwe zensimbi, njll.), futhi zingakhiqiza uthuli, amagesi ayingozi, nomsindo ongcolisa indawo ezungezile.

I-Casting ingenye yezinqubo zokuqala zokusebenza ezishisayo zensimbi ezakhiwe ngabantu, ezinomlando cishe weminyaka engu-6000. Ngo-3200 BC, kwavela ukukhishwa kwamasele ethusi eMesopotamiya.

Phakathi kwekhulu le-13 nele-10 BC, iShayina yayingene endumisweni yokulingisa ithusi, ngezinga elikhulu lobuciko. Imikhiqizo eqokelwe ukulingisa yasendulo ihlanganisa i-Simuwu Fang Ding engu-875kg kusukela Obukhosini bakwa-Shang, i-Yizun Pan kusukela esikhathini se-Warring States, kanye nesibuko esicwebezelayo esivela e-Western Han Dynasty.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuhlukaniswa kweziqephu kubuchwepheshe bokuphonsa, okungahle kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezilandelayo ngokuya ngendlela yokubumba:

①Ukukhishwa kwesihlabathi okuvamile

Kubandakanya izinhlobo ezintathu: isikhunta sesihlabathi esimanzi, isikhunta sesihlabathi esomile, kanye nesikhunta sesihlabathi esiqiniswe ngamakhemikhali;

②Ukubunjwa okukhethekile kwesihlabathi namatshe

Ukubunjwa okukhethekile kusetshenziswa isihlabathi samaminerali emvelo kanye netshe njengezinto eziyinhloko zokubumba (njengokufaka utshalomali, ukuphonsa udaka, ukuphonsa amagobolondo eshabhu yokusebenzela, ukusakazwa kwengcindezi engemihle, ukubunjwa okuqinile, ukubunjwa kwe-ceramic, njll.);

③Ukusakaza okukhethekile kwensimbi

Ukusakaza okukhethekile kusetshenziswa insimbi njengento eyinhloko yokuphonsa (njengokubunjwa kwensimbi yensimbi, ukucindezela ukucindezela, ukusakaza okuqhubekayo, ukusakazwa kwengcindezi ephansi, ukusakazwa kwe-centrifugal, njll.).

Mayelana nokukhwabanisa:

1. Ukufoja: Indlela yokucubungula esebenzisa imishini yokubumba ukuze ifake ingcindezi kumabhilidi ensimbi, okubangela ukuba aguqeke epulasitiki ukuze athole izinto zokubumba ezinezici ezithile zomshini, ukwakheka, nosayizi.

2. Ukuqamba kungaqeda i-porosity yokuphonsa kanye nezimbobo zokushisela zezinsimbi, futhi izakhiwo zemishini zokubumba ngokuvamile zingcono kunokukhishwa kwento efanayo. Ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile ezinemithwalo ephezulu nezimo ezinzima zokusebenza emishinini, ama-forging avame ukusetshenziswa, ngaphandle kwamapuleti amise okwezimo ezilula, amaphrofayili, noma izingxenye ezishiselwe ezingagoqwa.

3. Ukuqamba kungahlukaniswa:

①Ukufoja okuvuliwe (ukufoja mahhala)

Kubandakanya izinhlobo ezintathu: isikhunta sesihlabathi esimanzi, isikhunta sesihlabathi esomile, kanye nesikhunta sesihlabathi esiqiniswe ngamakhemikhali;

②Ukufoja kwemodi evaliwe

Ukubunjwa okukhethekile kusetshenziswa isihlabathi samaminerali emvelo kanye netshe njengezinto eziyinhloko zokubumba (njengokufaka utshalomali, ukuphonsa udaka, ukuphonsa amagobolondo eshabhu yokusebenzela, ukusakazwa kwengcindezi engemihle, ukubunjwa okuqinile, ukubunjwa kwe-ceramic, njll.);

③Ezinye izindlela zokuhlukanisa ngezigaba

Ngokusho kokushisa kwe-deformation, i-forging ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-hot forging (izinga lokushisa lokucubungula elingaphezu kokushisa kwe-recrystallization yensimbi ye-billet), i-forging efudumele (ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa le-recrystallization), kanye ne-cold forging (egumbini lokushisa).

4. Izinto zokwakha ngokuyinhloko ziyi-carbon steel ne-alloy steel enezingoma ezihlukahlukene, kulandelwa i-aluminium, i-magnesium, i-titanium, ithusi nama-alloys abo. Izimo zangempela zezinto zifaka imigoqo, ama-ingots, izimpushana zensimbi, nezinsimbi eziwuketshezi.

Isilinganiso sendawo ye-cross-sectional yensimbi ngaphambi kokuguqulwa endaweni ye-die cross-sectional ngemva kokuguqulwa kubizwa ngokuthi i-forging ratio. Ukukhethwa okulungile kwesilinganiso sokubumba kuhlobene eduze nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokunciphisa izindleko.

Ukuhlonza phakathi kwe-Casting and Forging:

Thinta - Ingaphezulu le-casting kufanele libe likhulu, kuyilapho ingaphezulu le-forging kufanele likhanye

Bheka - ingxenye yensimbi ekhonjiwe ibonakala impunga futhi imnyama, kuyilapho ingxenye yensimbi ehlanganisiwe ibonakala isiliva futhi ikhanya

Lalela - Lalela umsindo, ukuqamba kuminyene, umsindo upholile ngemuva kokushaya, futhi umsindo wokulingisa awuphuphi.

Ukugaya - Sebenzisa umshini wokugaya ukuze upholishe futhi ubone ukuthi izinhlansi phakathi kwakho kokubili zihlukile yini (imvamisa ama-forging akhanya kakhudlwana), njll.