Ukwelashwa kokushisa kweama-forgingsiyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ekwenziweni kwemishini. Ikhwalithi yokwelashwa kokushisa ihlobene ngokuqondile nekhwalithi yangaphakathi nokusebenza kwemikhiqizo noma izingxenye. Kunezici eziningi ezithinta ikhwalithi yokwelashwa kokushisa ekukhiqizeni. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izingaama-forgingsihlangabezana nezidingo zamazinga kazwelonke noma embonini, zonke izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukushisa ukushisa ziqala kusukela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ziye embonini, futhi ukuhlolwa okuqinile kufanele kwenziwe ngemva kwenqubo ngayinye yokwelapha ukushisa. Izinkinga zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo azikwazi ukudluliselwa ngokuqondile kwinqubo elandelayo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekukhiqizeni ukwelashwa kokushisa, akwanele ukuthi umhloli onekhono enze ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi futhi ahloleama-forgingsngemva kokwelashwa okushisa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zobuchwepheshe. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ukuba umeluleki omuhle. Enkambweni yokwelashwa kokushisa, kuyadingeka ukubona ukuthi opharetha usebenzisa ngokuqinile imithetho yenqubo nokuthi imingcele yenqubo ilungile yini. Enqubweni yokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi uma izinkinga zekhwalithi zitholakala ukusiza opharetha ukuba ahlaziye izimbangela zezinkinga zekhwalithi, thola isisombululo senkinga. Zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezingase zithinte ikhwalithi yokwelashwa kokushisa zilawulwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo efanelekayo enekhwalithi enhle, ukusebenza okuthembekile nokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende.

Okuqukethwe kokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokwelashwa kokushisa

(1) Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokushisa kokubumba

Inhloso yokwelashwa kwe-preheat ye-forgings ukuthuthukisa i-microstructure kanye nokuthambisa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuze kube lula ukucutshungulwa komshini, ukuqeda ukucindezeleka nokuthola i-microstructure yasekuqaleni efanelekile yokwelashwa kokushisa. Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokushisa kwezinye izingxenye ezinkulu nakho kuwukwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina, ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokushisa ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa i-normalization kanye ne-annealing.

1) I-diffusion annealing of steel castings kulula ukwenza i-coarsene ngoba izinhlamvu zishiswa ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu isikhathi eside. Ngemuva kokufakwa kwe-annealing, ukucwiliswa okuphelele noma ukujwayelekile kufanele kwenziwe futhi ukuze kucwengwe okusanhlamvu.

2) Ukufakwa okuphelele kwensimbi yesakhiwo ngokuvamile kusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa i-microstructure, ukucwenga okusanhlamvu, ukunciphisa ubulukhuni kanye nokuqeda ukucindezeleka kokusakazwa kwensimbi ye-carbon steel emaphakathi nephansi, izingxenye zokushisela, ukugoqa okushisayo kanye nama-hot forgings.

3) I-Isothermal annealing yensimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuhlanganisa insimbi engu-42CrMo.

4) I-Spheroidizing annealing yensimbi yamathuluzi Inhloso ye-spheroidizing annealing iwukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika kanye nokusebenza kokuguquka okubandayo.

I-5) Ukukhipha i-stress annealing Inhloso yokunciphisa ukucindezeleka i-annealing ukuqeda ingcindezi yangaphakathi yokusakazwa kwensimbi, izingxenye zokushisela kanye nezingxenye zomshini, nokunciphisa ukuwohloka nokuqhekeka kwenqubo yangemva kwenqubo.

6) I-recrystallization annealing Inhloso yokuhlanganisa kabusha i-recrystallization annealing ukuqeda ukuqina okubandayo kwe-workpiece.

I-7) Ukwenza okujwayelekile inhloso yokujwayela ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo kanye nokucwenga okusanhlamvu, okungasetshenziswa njengokwelashwa kwangaphambili kokushisa noma njengokwelashwa kokugcina kokushisa.

Izakhiwo ezitholwe nge-annealing and normalizing ziyi-pearlite. Ekuhlolweni kwekhwalithi, okugxilwe kukho wukuhlola amapharamitha enqubo, okungukuthi, ngesikhathi sokukhipha i-annealing kanye nokwejwayelekile, bheka ukugeleza kokwenziwa kwamapharamitha wenqubo, okungeyokuqala, ekugcineni kwenqubo ikakhulukazi ukuhlola ubulukhuni. , ukwakheka kwe-metallographic, ukujula kwe-decarbonization, kanye nokufaka izinto ezijwayelekile, iribhoni, i-mesh carbide nokunye.

(2) Ukwahlulelwa kwezinkinga zokunciphisa kanye nokujwayelekile

1) Ukuqina kwensimbi ye-carbon steel kuphezulu kakhulu, okuvamise ukubangelwa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokushisisa kanye nezinga lokupholisa elisheshayo ngesikhathi sokudonsa. I-carbon steel ephezulu kakhulu izinga lokushisa le-isothermal liphansi, isikhathi sokubamba asanele nokunye. Uma izinkinga ezingenhla zenzeka, ubulukhuni bungancishiswa ngokuphinda kuhlanganiswe ngokuvumelana nemingcele yenqubo efanele.

2) Lolu hlobo lwenhlangano luvela ensimbi ye-subeutectoid ne-hypereutectoid, i-subeutectoid steel network ferrite, i-hypereutectoid steel network carbide, isizathu siwukuthi izinga lokushisa lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, izinga lokupholisa lihamba kancane, lingasetshenziswa ukuqeda ukujwayelekile. Hlola ngokwezinga elishiwo.

3) I-Decarbonization lapho i-annealing noma ijwayelekile, esithandweni somoya, i-workpiece ngaphandle kokushisisa kokuvikela igesi, ngenxa ye-oxidation yendawo yensimbi kanye ne-decarbonization.

I-4) I-graphite carbon Graphite carbon ikhiqizwa ukubola kwe-carbides, ikakhulukazi okubangelwa ukushisa okuphezulu kokushisa kanye nesikhathi eside sokubamba. Ngemuva kokuvela kwekhabhoni ye-graphite ngensimbi, kuzotholakala ukuthi ubulukhuni bokucisha buphansi, iphuzu elithambile, amandla aphansi, ukuqina, ukuphuka kumnyama okumpunga nezinye izinkinga, futhi ucezu lokusebenzela lungasuswa kuphela lapho kuvela i-graphite carbon.

(3) Ukwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina

Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokwelashwa kokugcina kokushisa kwezimbobo ekukhiqizeni kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukucisha, ukucisha indawo kanye nokushisa.

1) Ukuguqulwa. I-deformation yokucisha kufanele ihlolwe ngokuya ngezidingo, njengokuthi i-deformation idlula izinhlinzeko, kufanele iqondiswe, njengokuthi ngesizathu esithile ayikwazi ukuqondisa, futhi ukuguqulwa kudlula isabelo sokucubungula, kungalungiswa, indlela yokucima futhi Thulisa ucezu lokusebenzela esimweni esithambile sokuqondisa ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo futhi, i-workpiece evamile ngemva kokucisha kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-teering, hhayi ngaphezu kwe-2/3 kuya ku-1/2 yesibonelelo.

2) Ukuqhekeka. Akukho mifantu evunyelwe ebusweni banoma iyiphi i-workpiece, ngakho-ke izingxenye zokwelapha ukushisa kufanele zihlolwe 100%. Izindawo zokugxilisa ingcindezi, amakhona acijile, okhiye, izimbobo zodonga ezincane, ukuhlangana okuminyene, ama-protrusion namadents, njll., kufanele kugcizelelwe.

3) Ukushisa ngokweqile nokushisa ngokweqile. Ngemva kokucisha, i-workpiece ayivunyelwe ukuba ne-coarse acicular martensite i-superheated tissue kanye ne-grain boundary oxidation izicubu ezishisa kakhulu, ngoba ukushisa ngokweqile nokushiswa ngokweqile kuzodala ukunciphisa amandla, ukwanda kwe-brittleness nokuqhekeka kalula.

4) I-oxidation kanye ne-decarbonization. Imvume yokucubungula ye-workpiece encane, i-oxidation kanye ne-decarbonization ukulawula ezinye eziqinile, zamathuluzi okusika kanye namathuluzi abrading, okungavunyelwe ukuba ne-decarbonization phenomenon, ezingxenyeni zokucisha kutholakala i-oxidation engathi sína kanye ne-decarbonization, izinga lokushisa lokushisa kufanele libe phezulu kakhulu noma isikhathi sokubamba side kakhulu. , ngakho-ke kufanele kube ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhlola ukushisa ngokweqile.

5) Izindawo ezithambile. Iphuzu elithambile lizobangela ukuguga kwe-workpiece kanye nokulimala kokukhathala, ngakho-ke alikho iphuzu elithambile, ukwakheka kwezizathu zokufudumeza okungafanele nokupholisa noma inhlangano engalingani yezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuba khona kwenhlangano ehlanganisiwe kanye nongqimba olusele lwe-decarbonization, nokunye, iphuzu elithambile. kufanele zilungiswe ngesikhathi.

6) Ubulukhuni obanele. Ngokuvamile i-workpiece yokucima ukushisa lokushisa iphezulu kakhulu, i-austenite esele kakhulu izoholela ekunciphiseni kokuqina, izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokushisa noma isikhathi esinganele sokubamba, futhi ukucisha isivinini sokupholisa akwanele, ukusebenza okungalungile kuzoholela ekungeneni kokuqina kokuqina. Isimo esingenhla singalungiswa kuphela.

7) Isithando sokugeza usawoti. Imvamisa ephezulu naphakathi nendawo yokusebenza yokucisha ilangabi, akukho mkhuba wokusha.

Ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa kokugcina kwendawo yezingxenye ngeke ibe nokugqwala, i-bump, i-shrinkage, umonakalo kanye nezinye iziphambeko.