Unyango lobushushu lweforgingslikhonkco elibalulekileyo ekwenzeni oomatshini. Umgangatho wonyango lobushushu uhambelana ngokuthe ngqo nomgangatho wangaphakathi kunye nokusebenza kweemveliso okanye iinxalenye. Kukho izinto ezininzi ezichaphazela umgangatho wonyango lokushisa kwimveliso. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba umgangatho weforgingsihlangabezana neemfuno zemigangatho yesizwe okanye yoshishino, zonke i-forgings zonyango lobushushu ziqala kwizinto ezikrwada zingene kumzi-mveliso, kwaye uhlolo olungqongqo kufuneka lwenziwe emva kwenkqubo yonyango yobushushu nganye. Iingxaki zomgangatho wemveliso azikwazi ukudluliselwa ngokuthe ngqo kwinkqubo elandelayo, ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgangatho wemveliso. Ukongeza, kwimveliso yonyango lobushushu, akwanelanga ukuba umhloli onobuchule enze uhlolo lomgangatho kwaye ajongeforgingsemva kokunyanga ubushushu ngokweemfuno zobugcisa. Owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo kukuba ngumcebisi olungileyo. Kwinkqubo yokunyanga ukushisa, kuyimfuneko ukubona ukuba ngaba umqhubi usebenzisa ngokungqongqo imigaqo yenkqubo kunye nokuba iiparitha zenkqubo zichanekile. Kwinkqubo yokuhlola umgangatho ukuba iingxaki zekhwalithi zifunyenwe ukunceda umqhubi ukuba ahlalutye izizathu zeengxaki zekhwalithi, fumana isisombululo kwingxaki. Zonke iintlobo zezinto ezinokuchaphazela umgangatho wonyango lobushushu zilawulwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezifanelekileyo ezinomgangatho omhle, ukusebenza okuthembekileyo kunye nokwaneliseka kwabathengi.

Umxholo wokuhlolwa komgangatho wokushisa

(1) Unyango lwangaphambi kobushushu bokubumba

Injongo yonyango lwe-preheat ye-forgings kukuphucula i-microstructure kunye nokuthambisa izinto eziluhlaza, ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukuqhutyelwa komatshini, ukuphelisa uxinzelelo kunye nokufumana i-microstructure efanelekileyo yokuqala yonyango lokushisa. Unyango lwangaphambi kobushushu kwezinye iindawo ezinkulu lukwalunyango lokugqibela lobushushu, unyango lwangaphambi kobushushu lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuthambisa kunye nokufunxa.

1) I-diffusion annealing of castings yentsimbi kulula ukuyicoarsene kuba iinkozo zifudunyezwa kubushushu obuphezulu ixesha elide. Emva kwe-annealing, ukucoca okupheleleyo okanye ukulungelelanisa kufuneka kuqhutywe kwakhona ukucokisa iinkozo.

2) I-annealing epheleleyo yensimbi yesakhiwo ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukuphucula i-microstructure, ukucoca ingqolowa, ukunciphisa ubunzima kunye nokuphelisa uxinzelelo lwe-carbon steel castings, i-welding parts, i-hot rolling kunye ne-hot forgings.

3) I-annealing ye-Isothermal ye-alloy structural steel isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa i-42CrMo steel.

4) I-Spheroidizing annealing yensimbi yesixhobo Injongo ye-spheroidizing annealing kukuphucula ukusebenza kokusika kunye nokusebenza kokuguqulwa okubandayo.

I-5) Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-stress annealing Injongo yokunciphisa uxinzelelo kukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lweentsimbi zentsimbi, iinxalenye ze-welding kunye neengxenye zomatshini, kunye nokunciphisa i-deformation kunye nokuqhekeka kwe-post-process.

6) I-recrystallization annealing Injongo ye-recrystallization annealing kukuphelisa ukuqina okubandayo kwe-workpiece.

I-7) Ukulungelelanisa injongo yesiqhelo kukuphucula isakhiwo kunye nokucoca ingqolowa, enokusetyenziswa njengonyango lwangaphambili okanye njengonyango lokugqibela lokushisa.

Izakhiwo ezifunyenwe nge-annealing kunye ne-normalizing ziyi-pearlite. Kuhlolo lomgangatho, kugxininiso kukwenza uhlolo lweeparamitha zenkqubo, oko kukuthi, kwinkqubo yokucoca kunye nesiqhelo, jonga ukuphunyezwa kweeparamitha zenkqubo, engowokuqala, ekupheleni kwenkqubo ubukhulu becala ukuvavanya ubulukhuni. , ulwakhiwo lwe-metallographic, ubunzulu be-decarbonization, kunye ne-annealing normalizing items, iribhoni, i-mesh carbide njalo njalo.

(2) Isigwebo sokunciphisa kunye neziphene eziqhelekileyo

1) Ukuqina kwentsimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi kuphezulu kakhulu, okuhlala kubangelwa ngubushushu obuphezulu kunye nesantya sokupholisa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokutshisa. Intsimbi yekhabhoni ephezulu kakhulu iqondo lokushisa le-isothermal liphantsi, ixesha lokubamba alanele kwaye njalo njalo. Ukuba ezi ngxaki zingasentla zenzeka, ubunzima bunokuncitshiswa ngokuphinda kuhlaziywe ngokweeparamitha zenkqubo echanekileyo.

I-2) Olu hlobo lombutho luvela kwi-subeutectoid kunye ne-hypereutectoid steel, i-subeutectoid steel network ferrite, i-hypereutectoid network network carbide, isizathu kukuba ubushushu bokufudumala buphezulu kakhulu, izinga lokupholisa licotha kakhulu, lingasetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ukuqhelekileyo. Hlola ngokomgangatho ochaziweyo.

I-3) I-Decarbonization xa i-annealing okanye i-normalizing, kwisithando somoya, i-workpiece ngaphandle kokufudumala kwegesi yokukhusela, ngenxa ye-oxidation ye-metal surface kunye ne-decarbonization.

I-4) Ikhabhoni yegraphite Ikhabhoni yegraphite iveliswa ngokubola kwee-carbides, ezibangelwa ikakhulu kubushushu obuphezulu kunye nexesha elide lokubamba. Emva kokubonakala kwekhabhoni yegraphite kwintsimbi, kuya kufunyanwa ukuba ukuqina kokucima kuphantsi, inqaku elithambileyo, amandla aphantsi, ukunyanzeliswa, ukuphuka kumnyama omnyama kunye nezinye iingxaki, kwaye i-workpiece inokuchithwa kuphela xa kuvela ikhabhoni yegraphite.

(3) Unyango lokugqibela lobushushu

Ukuhlolwa komgangatho wokunyanga kobushushu bokugqibela bokubumba kwimveliso ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukucima, ukucima umphezulu kunye nokufudumala.

1) Ukuguqulwa. Ukucima i-deformation kufuneka ihlolwe ngokweemfuno, njengokuba i-deformation idlula imimiselo, kufuneka iqondiswe, njengokuba ngenxa yesizathu esithile ayinako ukulungiswa, kwaye i-deformation idlula isibonelelo sokucubungula, inokulungiswa, indlela yokucima kunye nokucima. ukucaphuka workpiece kwimo ethambileyo elungisa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno kwakhona, workpiece jikelele emva ukucima kunye deformation ukucaphuka, hayi ngaphezulu kwe 2/3 ukuya 1/2 isibonelelo.

2) Ukuqhekeka. Akukho zintanda ezivumelekileyo kumphezulu walo naluphi na umsebenzi, ngoko ke iindawo zokunyanga ubushushu kufuneka zihlolwe nge-100%. Iindawo zokuxininisa uxinzelelo, iikona ezibukhali, izitshixo, imingxuma eludongeni olucekethekileyo, iindawo ezidityanisiweyo, iiprotrusions kunye nezibonda, njl., kufuneka zigxininiswe.

3) Ukushisa kunye nokugqithisa. Emva kokucima, i-workpiece ayivumelekanga ukuba ibe ne-coarse acicular martensite i-superheated tissue kunye ne-grain boundary oxidation i-superheated tissue, ngenxa yokuba ukushisa kunye nokutshisa kakhulu kuya kubangela ukunciphisa amandla, ukunyuka kwe-brittleness kunye nokuqhekeka lula.

4) I-oxidation kunye ne-decarbonization. Ukucutshungulwa kwesibonelelo se-workpiece encinci, i-oxidation kunye ne-decarbonization ukulawula ezinye ezingqongqo, izixhobo zokusika kunye nezixhobo zokuqhawula, ezingavumelekanga ukuba zibe neziganeko ze-decarbonization, kwiindawo zokucima zifunyenwe i-oxidation enzulu kunye ne-decarbonization, ubushushu bokufudumala kufuneka buphakame kakhulu okanye ixesha lokubamba lide kakhulu. , ngoko ke kufuneka kube ngexesha elifanayo lokuhlola ukushisa okukhulu.

5) Iindawo ezithambileyo. Inqaku elithambileyo liya kubangela ukunxiba kwe-workpiece kunye nomonakalo wokudinwa, ngoko akukho ndawo ithambileyo, ukubunjwa kwezizathu zokufudumeza okungafanelekanga kunye nokupholisa okanye umbutho ongalinganiyo wezinto ezikrwada, ubukho bombutho obhandiweyo kunye nentsalela ye-decarbonization layer, njalo njalo, inqaku elithambileyo. kufuneka zilungiswe kwangexesha.

6) Ubunzima obaneleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-workpiece yokucima ubushushu bokufudumala iphezulu kakhulu, i-austenite eninzi kakhulu eseleyo iya kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ubulukhuni, ubushushu obuphantsi bokufudumeza okanye ukungonelanga kwexesha lokubamba, kunye nokucima isantya sokupholisa akwanelanga, ukusebenza okungafanelekanga kuya kubangela ukungonelanga kobunzima bokucima. Le meko ingentla ingalungiswa kuphela.

7) Isithando sokuhlamba ityuwa. I-frequency ephezulu naphakathi kunye ne-flame quenching workpiece, akukho nto yokutshisa.

Emva kokuba unyango olushushu lokugqibela lweendawo zomphezulu aziyi kuba ne-corrosion, i-bump, i-shrinkage, umonakalo kunye nezinye iziphene.