Kukandira nekugadzira kwagara kuri maitiro akajairika ekugadzira simbi. Nekuda kwekusiyana kwakasiana mumaitirwo ekukanda nekugadzira, kune zvakare misiyano yakawanda muzvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira zvinogadzirwa neidzi nzira mbiri dzekugadzirisa.

A casting chinhu chinokandwa sese mu mold, ine yunifomu yekushushikana kugovera uye pasina kurambidzwa pakutungamira kwekumanikidza; Uye mafogi anodzvinyirirwa nemasimba munzira imwe chete, saka kushushikana kwavo kwemukati kune gwara uye kunogona chete kumirisana nekumanikidza.

Nezvekukanda:

1. Kukanda: Kunyungudusa simbi kuita mvura inosangana nezvimwe zvinodiwa uye kuidira muforoma, inoteverwa nekutonhodza, kuomesa, uye kuchenesa kurapwa kuti uwane zvinokandwa (zvikamu kana maburi) zvine maumbirwo, saizi, uye zvimiro zvakafanotemerwa. . Iyo yakakosha maitiro emazuva ano mechanical kugadzira indasitiri.

2. Mutengo wezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa nekukanda zvakaderera, izvo zvinogona kuratidza zviri nani hupfumi hwayo kune zvikamu zvine maumbirwo akaoma, kunyanya ayo ane makomba akaoma mukati; Panguva imwecheteyo, ine yakafara kuchinjika uye yakanaka yakazara mekinika kuita.

3. Kugadzira kugadzirwa kunoda huwandu hukuru hwezvinhu (zvakadai sesimbi, huni, mafuta, zvinhu zvekuumba, nezvimwewo) uye midziyo (senge simbi yesimbi, musanganiswa wejecha, michina yekuumba, michina yekugadzira core, jecha rinodonhedza, pfuti inoputika michina. , marata esimbi, nezvimwewo), uye anogona kugadzira huruva, magasi anokuvadza, uye ruzha runosvibisa mhoteredzo.

Kukandira ndeimwe yepakutanga simbi inopisa kushanda maitiro akagonekwa nevanhu, ane nhoroondo yeanenge makore 6000. Muna 3200 BC, kukanda matatya emhangura kwakaonekwa muMesopotamia.

Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 13 nerechigumi BC, China yakanga yapinda muzuva remazuva ekukanda bhuronzi, ine mwero wakakura woumhizha. Zvigadzirwa zvinomiririra zvekukanda zvekare zvinosanganisira 875kg Simuwu Fang Ding kubva kuShang Dynasty, iyo Yizun Pan kubva kuWarring States nguva, uye girazi rinopenya kubva kuWestern Han Dynasty.

Kune akawanda marudzi ezvikamu mukukanda tekinoroji, iyo inogona kugara yakakamurwa mumapoka anotevera zvichienderana nenzira yekuumba:

①Kukandwa kwejecha zvakajairika

Kusanganisira marudzi matatu: mold yejecha rakanyorova, mold yejecha rakaoma, uye mold yejecha yakaoma nemakemikari;

②Kukandwa kwakakosha kwejecha nematombo

Kukandira kwakakosha uchishandisa jecha remamineral jecha uye matombo sechinhu chikuru chekuumba (sekukanda mari, kukanda madhaka, kukanda musangano wekukanda goko, kusamanikidza kukanda, kukanda kwakasimba, kukanda ceramic, nezvimwewo);

③Metal special casting

Kukandira kwakakosha uchishandisa simbi sechinhu chikuru chekukanda (senge simbi mold casting, pressure casting, kuramba ichikanda, low-pressure casting, centrifugal casting, nezvimwewo).

Pamusoro pekugadzira:

1. Forging: Nzira yekugadzira iyo inoshandisa michina yekufogisa kuisa kumanikidza kumabhiliti esimbi, ichiita kuti iite deformation yepurasitiki kuti iwane mafogi ane mamwe ma mechanic properties, maumbirwo, uye saizi.

2. Kugadzira kunogona kubvisa porosity yekukanda uye maburi ekushivirira esimbi, uye michina yezvigadzirwa zvefogi kazhinji zviri nani pane castings yechinhu chimwe chete. Kune zvikamu zvakakosha zvine mitoro yakakwira uye mamiriro akanyanya ekushanda mumakina, forgings inowanzoshandiswa, kunze kwemapureti akaumbwa akareruka, maprofile, kana zvikamu zvakasungwa zvinogona kukungurutswa.

3. Forging inogona kukamurwa kuita:

①Vhura forging (yemahara forging)

Kusanganisira marudzi matatu: mold yejecha rakanyorova, mold yejecha rakaoma, uye mold yejecha yakaoma nemakemikari;

②Yakavharwa mode forging

Kukandira kwakakosha uchishandisa jecha remamineral jecha uye matombo sechinhu chikuru chekuumba (sekukanda mari, kukanda madhaka, kukanda musangano wekukanda goko, kusamanikidza kukanda, kukanda kwakasimba, kukanda ceramic, nezvimwewo);

③Dzimwe nzira dzekukanda kupatsanura

Zvinoenderana neiyo deformation tembiricha, forging inogona kukamurwa kuita inopisa yekubikira (yekugadzira tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura tembiricha yerecrystallization yebillet simbi), inodziya yekugadzira (pazasi petembiricha recrystallization), uye kutonhora kwekugadzira (pakamuri tembiricha).

4. Zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvakanyanya kabhoni simbi uye alloy simbi ine zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana, inoteverwa nealuminium, magnesium, titanium, mhangura uye alloys avo. Mamiriro ekutanga ezvigadzirwa anosanganisira mabara, ingots, simbi hupfu, uye simbi dzemvura.

Huyero hwechikamu chemuchinjiko chesimbi isati yachinja kuenda kunzvimbo yefa muchinjiko mushure medeformation inodaidzwa kuti forging ratio. Sarudzo chaiyo yeforging reshiyo inowirirana zvakanyanya nekuvandudza chigadzirwa chemhando uye kuderedza mitengo.

Kuzivikanwa pakati peCasting neForging:

Bata - Iyo yepamusoro yekukanda inofanirwa kuve yakakora, nepo pamusoro pekugadzira kunofanirwa kupenya

Tarisa - chikamu chesimbi chakakandwa chinoita grey uye rima, nepo chikamu chesimbi chakaumbwa chinoratidzika sesirivha uye chakajeka

Teerera - Teerera kune ruzha, kuumbwa kwakaoma, ruzha rwakajeka mushure mekurova, uye ruzha rwekukanda rwakadzima.

Kukuya -Shandisa muchina wekukuya kupukuta uye kuona kana sparks pakati pezviviri zvakasiyana (kazhinji forgings inopenya), nezvimwe.