Zojambula zazikulu ndizojambulaamatenga gawo lofunikira pakupanga zida zamakina, kupanga magalimoto, kupanga zombo, malo opangira magetsi, mafakitale a zida, kupanga chitsulo ndi zitsulo ndi zina. Monga zigawo zofunika kwambiri, zimakhala ndi voliyumu yayikulu ndi kulemera kwake, ndipo ukadaulo wawo ndi kukonza kwawo ndizovuta. Njira yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo posungunula ingot,kupangakapena kuponyeranso kusungunula, kupyolera mu makina otenthetsera othamanga kwambiri kuti apeze kukula kwa mawonekedwe ndi zofunikira zaumisiri, kuti akwaniritse zosowa za ntchito zake. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake opangira umisiri, pali luso linalake logwiritsa ntchito akupanga zolakwika pakuzindikira kwa kuponyera ndi kupangira magawo.
I. Akupanga kuyendera kuponya
Chifukwa cha kukula kwanjere, kusamveka bwino kwa phokoso komanso chiŵerengero chochepa cha phokoso la phokoso la kuponyera, zimakhala zovuta kuzindikira zolakwika pogwiritsa ntchito phokoso la phokoso lokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zomveka pofalitsa kuponyera, pamene ikukumana ndi mkati. pamwamba kapena chilema, chilema chimapezeka. Kuchuluka kwa kuwonetseredwa kwamphamvu kwamawu ndi ntchito ya Directivity ndi katundu wamkati pamwamba kapena chilema komanso amayimbidwe impedance wa chonyezimira thupi. Choncho, kuwonetseredwa phokoso mphamvu ya zofooka zosiyanasiyana kapena malo amkati angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti azindikire malo zolakwika, khoma makulidwe kapena kuya kwa zolakwika pansi padziko. Kuyesa kwa akupanga ngati njira yoyesera yopanda kuwononga yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ubwino wake waukulu ndi: kuzindikira kwakukulu, kumatha kuzindikira ming'alu yabwino; Ali ndi mphamvu yolowera kwambiri, amatha kuzindikira chigawo chakuda. Zolepheretsa zake zazikulu ndi izi: ndizovuta kutanthauzira mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a vuto losalumikizana ndi kukula kozungulira kovutirapo komanso kuwongolera kolakwika; Zomangamanga zamkati zosafunikira, monga kukula kwa tirigu, microstructure, porosity, zophatikizika kapena ma precipitates omwazika bwino, zimalepheretsanso kutanthauzira kwa mafunde. Kuphatikiza apo, kutchulanso midadada yoyeserera ndikofunikira.

2.forging akupanga kuyendera
(1)Kupanga processingndi zolakwika wamba
Zopangiraamapangidwa ndi otentha chitsulo ingot olumala ndikupanga. Thekukonza ndondomekozikuphatikizapo kutentha, deformation ndi kuziziritsa.Zopangirazofooka zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu oponya,kukonza zolakwikandi zolakwika zochizira kutentha. Zowonongeka zoponyera makamaka zimaphatikizapo zotsalira za shrinkage, loose, kuphatikiza, crack ndi zina zotero.Kupanga zolakwikamakamaka kumapinda, banga loyera, crack ndi zina zotero. Cholakwika chachikulu cha chithandizo cha kutentha ndi ming'alu.
Zotsalira za shrinkage ndi shrinkage cavity mu ingot popanga pamene mutu siwokwanira kuti ukhalebe, wofala kwambiri kumapeto kwa zokopa.
Lotayirira ndi ingot solidification shrinkage anapanga mu ingot si wandiweyani ndi mabowo, kukopa chifukwa chosowa forging chiŵerengero osati mokwanira kusungunuka, makamaka pakati ingot ndi mutu. e
Kuphatikizika kumakhala ndi kuphatikizika kwamkati, kuphatikizika kwakunja kopanda zitsulo komanso kuphatikiza kwachitsulo. The inclusions mkati makamaka anaikira pakati ndi mutu wa ingot.
Ming'aluyi imaphatikizapo kuponya ming'alu, kupanga ming'alu ndi ming'alu yochizira kutentha. Intergranular ming'alu mu austenitic zitsulo amayamba ndi kuponyera. Kupanga kolakwika ndi chithandizo cha kutentha kumapanga ming'alu pamtunda kapena pachimake pakupanga.
Malo oyera ndi kuchuluka kwa haidrojeni m'mafakitale, kuziziritsa mwachangu pambuyo popanga, hydrogen yosungunuka muzitsulo mochedwa kwambiri kuti ithawe, zomwe zimapangitsa kusweka chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwambiri. Mawanga oyera amakhala makamaka pakatikati pa gawo lalikulu la forging. Mawanga oyera nthawi zonse amawonekera m'magulu achitsulo. x-H9 [:
(2) Chidule cha njira zodziwira zolakwika
Malinga ndi gulu la nthawi yodziwira zolakwika, kufufuza zolakwika kumatha kugawidwa m'magulu ozindikira zolakwika ndi kupanga, kuyang'anira zinthu ndi kuyang'anira ntchito.
Cholinga chodziwira zolakwika muzinthu zopangira ndi kupanga ndikupeza zolakwika msanga kuti zitheke kuchitidwa panthawi yake kupewa chitukuko ndi kufalikira kwa zolakwika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke. Cholinga cha kuwunika kwazinthu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino. Cholinga cha kuyendera mu ntchito ndi kuyang'anira zolakwika zomwe zingachitike kapena kukula pambuyo pa opaleshoni, makamaka ming'alu ya kutopa. + 1. Kuyang’anira zomangira tsinde
Njira yopangira ma shaft forgings makamaka imachokera pakujambula, kotero momwe kulowera kwa zolakwika zambiri kumakhala kofanana ndi axis. Kuzindikira kwa zolakwika zotere kumakhala bwino kwambiri pofufuza mowongoka mafunde akutali kuchokera kumayendedwe a radial. Poganizira kuti zolakwikazo zidzakhala ndi kugawa kwina ndi mawonekedwe, kotero shaft yopangira kuzindikira zolakwika, iyeneranso kuwonjezeredwa ndi kufufuza molunjika kwa axial ndi kuzindikira kwa oblique probe circumferential ndi kuzindikira kwa axial.
2. Kuyang'ana zopangira keke ndi mbale
Njira yopangira keke ndi mbale zopangira mbale zimakwiyitsa kwambiri, ndipo kugawa kwa zolakwika kumafanana ndi nkhope yomaliza, ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yodziwira zolakwika ndi kafukufuku wowongoka kumapeto kwa nkhope.
3. Kuyang'ana zopangira ma silinda
Njira yopangira ma cylinder forgings ndikukhumudwitsa, kukhomerera ndi kugudubuza. Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe a zolakwika ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa za shaft ndi makeke. Koma chifukwa gawo lapakati la ingot yoyipa kwambiri yachotsedwa pokhomerera, mtundu wa zomangira za silinda nthawi zambiri umakhala wabwinoko. Kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa zolakwikazo kumakhala kofanana ndi mawonekedwe a cylindrical kunja kwa silinda, kotero kuti ma cylindrical forgings amazindikiridwabe makamaka ndi kafukufuku wowongoka, koma kwa ma cylindrical forging okhala ndi makoma okhuthala, kafukufuku wa oblique ayenera kuwonjezeredwa.
(3) Kusankha mikhalidwe yodziwika
Kusankha kwa probe
Zopangirakuyang'ana kwa akupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwautali wotalikirapo wofufuza molunjika, kukula kwa mtanda kwa φ 14 ~ φ 28mm, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito φ 20mm. Zazokopa zazing'ono, chip probe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poganizira zapafupi ndi kutayika kolumikizana. Nthawi zina kuti muzindikire zolakwikazo ndi mbali ina yodziwira, mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito mtengo wina wa K wa kafukufuku wofuna kudziwa. Chifukwa cha chikoka cha malo akhungu ndi pafupi ndi munda wa kafukufuku wolunjika, kafukufuku wapawiri wa crystal wolunjika nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire zolakwika zapafupi.
Mbewu za forgings nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono, kotero kuti nthawi zambiri amazindikira zolakwika zimatha kusankhidwa, nthawi zambiri 2.5 ~ 5.0mhz. Pazopanga zochepa zokhala ndi tirigu wowoneka bwino komanso kufowoketsa kwambiri, kuti mupewe "kumveka kwa nkhalango" ndikuwongolera chiwongola dzanja cha phokoso, ma frequency otsika, nthawi zambiri 1.0 ~ 2.5mhz, ayenera kusankhidwa.