Kuponyera ndi kupanga nthawi zonse zakhala njira zodziwika bwino zopangira zitsulo. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwachibadwa kwa njira zopangira ndi kupanga, palinso kusiyana kwakukulu muzinthu zomaliza zomwe zimapangidwa ndi njira ziwirizi.

Kuponyedwa ndi chinthu chomwe chimaponyedwa chonse mu nkhungu, ndi kugawidwa kwa yunifolomu ya kupsinjika maganizo ndipo palibe zoletsa pa kayendetsedwe ka kuponderezedwa; Ndipo ma forgings amapanikizidwa ndi mphamvu mbali imodzi, kotero kuti kupsinjika kwawo kwamkati kumakhala kolunjika ndipo kumatha kupirira kukakamiza kolowera.

Ponena za kuponya:

1. Kuponyera: Ndi njira yosungunula zitsulo kukhala madzi omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira zina ndikutsanulira mu nkhungu, kutsatiridwa ndi kuziziritsa, kulimbitsa, ndi kuyeretsa mankhwala kuti apeze zopangira (zigawo kapena zopanda kanthu) zokhala ndi mawonekedwe, makulidwe, ndi katundu. . Njira yoyambira yamakampani amakono opanga makina.

2. Mtengo wa zipangizo zopangidwa ndi kuponyera ndizochepa, zomwe zingathe kusonyeza bwino chuma chake kwa magawo omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, makamaka omwe ali ndi zovuta zamkati mkati; Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu komanso ntchito yabwino yamakina.

3. Kuponyera kumafuna zinthu zambiri (monga zitsulo, nkhuni, mafuta, zitsulo, etc.) ndi zipangizo (monga ng'anjo zazitsulo, zosakaniza mchenga, makina opangira, makina opangira core, makina oponya mchenga, makina owombera kuwombera. , mbale zachitsulo, ndi zina zotero), ndipo zimatha kupanga fumbi, mpweya woipa, ndi phokoso limene limaipitsa chilengedwe.

Casting ndi imodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri zogwirira ntchito zotentha zachitsulo zodziwika bwino ndi anthu, zomwe zidakhalapo zaka pafupifupi 6000. Mu 3200 BC, achule amkuwa adawonekera ku Mesopotamiya.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1300 ndi 10 BC, dziko la China linali litalowa m'nthawi yachikale ya kupanga bronze, ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri. Zoyimira zoyimilira zakale zikuphatikiza 875kg Simuwu Fang Ding wochokera ku Mzera wa Shang, Yizun Pan kuyambira nthawi ya Warring States, ndi galasi lowoneka bwino lochokera ku Western Han Dynasty.

Pali mitundu yambiri yamagawo muukadaulo wakuponya, womwe ukhoza kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa molingana ndi njira yakuumba:

①Kuponya mchenga wamba

Kuphatikizapo mitundu itatu: nkhungu yamchenga wonyowa, nkhungu yamchenga wouma, ndi nkhungu zamchenga zouma ndi mankhwala;

②Kuponya kwapadera kwa mchenga ndi miyala

Kuponyedwa kwapadera pogwiritsa ntchito mchenga wamchere ndi miyala ngati chinthu chachikulu chopangira (monga kuponya ndalama, matope, kuponyera chipolopolo, kuponyera koyipa, kuponyera kolimba, kuponyera kwa ceramic, etc.);

③Kuponya kwachitsulo kwapadera

Kuponyera kwapadera pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo monga chitsulo chachikulu choponyera (monga chitsulo choponyera nkhungu, kuponyera kuthamanga, kuponyera kosalekeza, kuponyera kochepa, kuponyera kwa centrifugal, etc.).

Pankhani ya kupanga:

1. Kupanga: Njira yopangira makina omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makina opangira zitsulo kuti agwiritse ntchito zitsulo zachitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti awonongeke ndi pulasitiki kuti apeze zokopa zomwe zimakhala ndi makina, mawonekedwe, ndi kukula kwake.

2. Kupanga kumatha kuthetsa porosity ndi kuwotcherera mabowo azitsulo, ndipo zida zamakina a forgings nthawi zambiri zimakhala zabwinoko kuposa kuponyedwa kwazinthu zomwezo. Pazigawo zofunika kwambiri zokhala ndi katundu wambiri komanso zovuta zogwirira ntchito pamakina, ma forgings amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, kupatulapo mbale zowoneka bwino, ma profaili, kapena magawo owotcherera omwe amatha kukulungidwa.

3. Kupanga kungagawidwe mu:

①Kutsegula kwaulere (kumanga kwaulere)

Kuphatikizapo mitundu itatu: nkhungu yamchenga wonyowa, nkhungu yamchenga wouma, ndi nkhungu zamchenga zouma ndi mankhwala;

②Kutsekera kotsekedwa

Kuponyedwa kwapadera pogwiritsa ntchito mchenga wamchere ndi miyala ngati chinthu chachikulu chopangira (monga kuponya ndalama, matope, kuponyera chipolopolo, kuponyera koyipa, kuponyera kolimba, kuponyera kwa ceramic, etc.);

③Njira zina zogawira zoponya

Malinga ndi kutentha kwa mapindikidwe, forging imatha kugawidwa m'mapangidwe otentha (kutentha kotentha kuposa kutentha kwa chitsulo cha billet), kutentha kotentha (pansi pa kutentha kwa recrystallization), ndi kuzizira kozizira (kutentha).

4. Zida zopangira zimakhala makamaka zitsulo za carbon ndi alloy ndi nyimbo zosiyanasiyana, zotsatiridwa ndi aluminium, magnesium, titaniyamu, mkuwa ndi ma alloys awo. Zida zoyambira zimaphatikiza mipiringidzo, ingots, ufa wachitsulo, ndi zitsulo zamadzimadzi.

Chiŵerengero cha chigawo chapakati chachitsulo chisanayambe kusinthika kwa gawo la kufa pamtanda pambuyo pa kusinthika kumatchedwa chiŵerengero cha forging. Kusankhidwa koyenera kwa chiŵerengero cha forging kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kukonza khalidwe la mankhwala ndi kuchepetsa mtengo.

Kuzindikiritsa Pakati pa Casting ndi Forging:

Kukhudza - Pamwamba pa kuponyera kuyenera kukhala kokulirapo, pomwe pamwamba pakupanga kuyenera kukhala kowala

Penyani! - gawo lachitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chikuwoneka imvi ndi mdima, pamene gawo lachitsulo lopangidwa likuwoneka lasiliva ndi lowala

Mvetserani - Mverani phokoso, kukopa kumakhala kolimba, phokoso limakhala lomveka pambuyo pomenya, ndipo phokoso loyimba limakhala lopanda phokoso.

Kupera - Gwiritsani ntchito makina opera kuti mupukutire ndikuwona ngati zowala pakati pa ziwirizi ndizosiyana (nthawi zambiri zopanga zimakhala zowala), ndi zina.