Kuponyera ndikungowunikira nthawi zonse zakhala njira zogwirizira zachitsulo. Chifukwa cha kusanja kwamtundu mu njira zoponyera ndikungotha, palinso zosiyana zingapo m'magawo omaliza omwe amapangidwa ndi njira ziwiri izi.

Kuponyerera ndi chinthu chomwe chimaponyedwa chonse chodzaza, ndikugawana ma yunifolomu magawidwe osati zoletsa kuwongolera; Ndipo zozikitsani zimapanikizidwa ndi mphamvu yomweyo, chifukwa chake kupsinjika kwawo kwamkati kumatha kutsogolera ndipo kumatha kungoyang'ana komweko.

Ponena za kutaya:

1. Kuponyera: Ndi njira yosungunuka mu madzi omwe akukumana ndi zofuna zina ndikuwathira mu nkhungu, cholimbikitsira, ndikukonzanso chithandizocho, komanso katundu, ndi katundu . Njira yoyambira yopanga makina opanga makina.

2. Mtengo wa zopangira zopangidwa ndi kuponyera ndi wotsika, womwe umatha kuwonetsa bwino zachuma chake ndi mawonekedwe ake, makamaka iwo omwe ali ndi zovuta zamkati; Nthawi yomweyo, imakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwamphamvu komanso magwiridwe okwanira.

3. Kutulutsa kakupsa kumafuna zinthu zambiri (monga chitsulo, nkhuni, mafuta, zokumba, makina opanga masitima, amawombera makina , imwani mbale zazikazi, ndi zina zambiri, ndipo zimatha kupanga fumbi, mpweya woipa, ndi phokoso lomwe likuipitsa chilengedwe.

Kuponyera ndi imodzi mwazinthu zotentha kwambiri zogwira ntchito zomwe anthu amasiyidwa, ndi mbiri ya zaka pafupifupi 6000. Mu 3200 BC, ma chugper a Copper adawonekera ku Mesopotamia.

Pakati pa zaka za 13 ndi 10 ndi 10 bc, China inali italowanso heyday ya bronzeng, yokhala ndi luso lakale. Zogulitsa zoyimilira zakale zimaphatikizapo 875kg siuwa Fang Ding yochokera ku mzera wa Shang, ndipo kalilole wopita ku malo amkati wa Western han.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya magawo aluso potaya ukadaulo, zomwe zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa malinga ndi njira youmba:

①Mchenga wamba ukutuluka

Kuphatikiza mitundu itatu: Mchenga wonyowa mchenga, nkhunda youma mchenga, ndi mchenga wouma mchere;

②Mchenga ndi mwala woponyera

Kupsinjika kwapadera pogwiritsa ntchito mchenga ndi miyala yayikulu monga zinthu zazikulu zokumba (monga matope akuponya, kupanikizana ndikuponyera, etramic kuponyera);

③Zida zachitsulo

Kuponyera kwapadera pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo ngati zinthu zazikulu (monga nkhungu yachitsulo (monga nkhungu yowuma, kukakamizidwa kupondereza, kupuma kochepa, etrufting,).

Ponena za kuwonongeka:

1. Kupeza: Njira yosinthira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito makina opindika kuti agwiritse ntchito zigawenga zachitsulo kuti athe kuwunika ndi zinthu zina, mawonekedwe, ndi kukula kwake.

2. Kukhululuka kungathetse kuponyedwa ndi manja ndi mabowo a zitsulo, ndipo makina opanga magetsi ndiabwino kwambiri kuposa kutayidwa kwa zinthu zomwezo. Pazigawo zofunika kwambiri ndi katundu wambiri komanso zochitika zoopsa zamakina, ku Expment nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, kupatula mbale zosavuta, mbiri, kapena ziwalo zoweta zomwe zitha kugudubuzika.

3. Kungothamangitsidwa kungathe kugawidwa:

①Kutsegulira (Kukhululuka Kwaulere)

Kuphatikiza mitundu itatu: Mchenga wonyowa mchenga, nkhunda youma mchenga, ndi mchenga wouma mchere;

②Makina otsekedwa

Kupsinjika kwapadera pogwiritsa ntchito mchenga ndi miyala yayikulu monga zinthu zazikulu zokumba (monga matope akuponya, kupanikizana ndikuponyera, etramic kuponyera);

③Njira Zina Zomangirira

Malinga ndi kupuma kopumira, kulekanitsa kumatha kugawidwa kukhala kotentha (kukonza kutentha kwambiri kuposa kutentha kwa chitsulo cha bille), pansi pa kutentha (firiji kutentha).

4. Zinthu zotayirira zimakhala chitsulo cha kaboni ndi chitsulo chokhazikika ndi nyimbo, zimatsatiridwa ndi aluminiyamu, magnesium, titanium, mkuwa ndi owonetsera zawo. Mayiko oyambilira a zida amaphatikizapo mipiringidzo, mitsuko, ufa wachitsulo, ndi zitsulo zamadzimadzi.

Chiwerengero cha mitanda ya chitsulo chisanachitike ku Dive Copy A Die Copy-goadtal pambuyo pa kufooka kumatchedwa chiwerengero. Kusankha koyenera kungoyambitsa kuthamanga kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwabwino kwa malonda ndikuchepetsa mtengo.

Chizindikiritso pakati pakutulutsa ndikupeweka:

Kugwira - Pamwamba pa kuponyera kuyenera kukhala yolimba, pomwe mawonekedwe ake akuyenera kukhala owala

Kuwona - Chitsulo cha chitsulo chimawoneka chapamvi komanso chamdima, pomwe gawo lankhondo limawoneka siliva komanso lowala

Mvetsera - Mverani mawuwo, olemedwa ndi owonda, mawuwo ndi okhwima atangomenya, ndipo mawu opondereza ndi osalala

Pogalu - gwiritsani ntchito makina opukutira ku Poland ndikuwona ngati ma spark pakati pa awiriwa ndi osiyana (nthawi zambiri amangowoneka bwino), etc