1, Popanga kupanga, kuvulala kwakunja komwe kumachitika sachedwa kugawidwa m'mitundu itatu malinga ndi zomwe zimayambitsa: kuvulala kwamakina - zokopa kapena tokhala chifukwa cha zida kapena zida; Kuwotcha; Kuvulala kwamagetsi.

2, Pakuwona kwaukadaulo wachitetezo ndi chitetezo chantchito, mawonekedwe amisonkhano yopangira ndi awa:

1. Kupanga kupanga kumachitika m'malo otentha achitsulo (monga kupanga chitsulo chochepa cha carbon pa kutentha kwa 1250-750 ℃), ndipo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito yamanja, kusasamala pang'ono kungayambitse kutentha.

2.Ng'anjo yotenthetsera ndi zitsulo zotentha zachitsulo, zopanda kanthu, ndi zokopa mu msonkhano wopangira zinthu mosalekeza zimatulutsa kutentha kwakukulu (zojambula zimakhalabe ndi kutentha kwakukulu kumapeto kwa kupanga), ndipo ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi matenthedwe otentha.

3.Utsi ndi fumbi zomwe zimapangidwira panthawi ya kuyaka kwa ng'anjo yowotchera mumsonkhanowu zimatulutsidwa mumlengalenga wa msonkhanowo, zomwe sizimangokhudza ukhondo, komanso zimachepetsa kuwoneka mu msonkhano (makamaka kutentha kwa ng'anjo zomwe zimawotcha mafuta olimba. ), ndipo zingayambitsenso ngozi zokhudzana ndi ntchito.

4.Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kupanga, monga nyundo za mpweya, nyundo za nthunzi, makina osindikizira, ndi zina zotero, zonse zimatulutsa mphamvu panthawi yogwira ntchito. Chidacho chikachulukidwa ndi zinthu zotere, zimatha kuwonongeka mwadzidzidzi (monga kusweka mwadzidzidzi kwa ndodo ya hammer piston), zomwe zingayambitse ngozi zovulala kwambiri.

Makina a 5.Press (monga ma hydraulic presses, crank hot forging presses, flat forging machines, precision presses) ndi makina ometa ali ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri panthawi yogwira ntchito, koma kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi kwa zipangizo kungathenso kuchitika nthawi ndi nthawi. Ogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri amangodzidzimuka ndipo angayambitsenso ngozi zokhudzana ndi ntchito.

6.Mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida panthawi yogwira ntchito ndi yofunika kwambiri, monga makina osindikizira a crank, kutambasula makina osindikizira, ndi makina osindikizira a hydraulic. Ngakhale kuti ntchito zawo zimakhala zokhazikika, mphamvu yopangidwa ndi zigawo zawo zogwirira ntchito ndizofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, China yapanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a hydraulic matani 12000. Ndi makina osindikizira wamba a 100-150t, ndipo mphamvu yomwe imatulutsa ndi yayikulu kale mokwanira. Ngati pali cholakwika pang'ono pakuyika kapena kugwiritsa ntchito nkhungu, mphamvu zambiri sizigwira ntchito, koma pazigawo za nkhungu, chida, kapena zida zokha. Mwanjira imeneyi, zolakwika zina zoyika ndikusintha kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kolakwika kwa zida kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa zigawo ndi zida zina zazikulu kapena ngozi zamunthu.

7. Zida ndi zida zothandizira zogwirira ntchito, makamaka zida zopangira manja ndi zida zaulere, zomangira, ndi zina zotero, zimakhala ndi mayina osiyanasiyana ndipo zonse zimayikidwa pamodzi kuntchito. Pogwira ntchito, kusintha kwa zida kumakhala pafupipafupi ndipo kusungirako nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosokoneza, zomwe zimawonjezera zovuta zowunika zida izi. Chida china chikafunika popanga koma osapezeka mwachangu, nthawi zina zida zofananira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito "mwachisawawa", zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa ngozi zokhudzana ndi ntchito.

8. Chifukwa cha phokoso ndi kugwedezeka komwe kumapangidwa ndi zida zogwirira ntchito yopangira ntchito panthawi yogwira ntchito, malo ogwirira ntchito amakhala a phokoso kwambiri komanso osasangalatsa m'khutu, zomwe zimakhudza kumva kwa anthu ndi dongosolo lamanjenje, kusokoneza chidwi, motero kumawonjezera mwayi wa ngozi.

3, Kuwunika zomwe zimayambitsa ngozi zokhudzana ndi ntchito popanga zokambirana

1. Malo ndi zida zomwe zimafunikira chitetezo zilibe zida zodzitetezera komanso zotetezeka.

2. Zida zodzitetezera pazida sizikwanira kapena sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito.

3. Zida zopangira zokha zimakhala ndi zolakwika kapena zolakwika.

4. Kuwonongeka kwa zida kapena zida ndi zinthu zosayenera zogwirira ntchito.

5. Pali mabvuto ndi kupeka imfa ndi nyundo.

6. Chisokonezo mu kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.

7. Njira zosayenera zogwirira ntchito ndi ntchito yokonzanso yothandiza.

8. Zida zodzitetezera monga magalasi odzitetezera ndi olakwika, ndipo zovala zogwirira ntchito ndi nsapato sizikugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito.

9.Pamene anthu angapo akugwira ntchito limodzi pa ntchito, sagwirizanitsa wina ndi mzake.

10. Kupanda maphunziro aukadaulo ndi chidziwitso chachitetezo, zomwe zimapangitsa kutengera njira ndi njira zolakwika.