Kutentha mankhwala azojambulandi chida chofunikira pakupanga makina. Ubwino wa chithandizo cha kutentha umagwirizana mwachindunji ndi momwe zinthu zilili komanso magwiridwe antchito azinthu kapena magawo. Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza ubwino wa chithandizo cha kutentha pakupanga. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti khalidwe lazojambulaamakwaniritsa zofunikira za dziko kapena makampani mfundo, onse kutentha mankhwala forgings kuyamba ku zipangizo mu fakitale, ndi kuyendera okhwima ayenera kuchitidwa pambuyo ndondomeko iliyonse kutentha mankhwala. Mavuto khalidwe la mankhwala sangathe mwachindunji anasamutsa kwa ndondomeko yotsatira, kuti kuonetsetsa mankhwala khalidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, popanga chithandizo cha kutentha, sikokwanira kuti woyang'anira wodziwa bwino aziyang'anira ndikuwunikazojambulamutatha chithandizo cha kutentha malinga ndi zofunikira zaumisiri. Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ndikukhala mlangizi wabwino. Pochiza kutentha, m'pofunika kuwona ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo akugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a ndondomekoyi komanso ngati magawo a ndondomeko ndi olondola. Poyang'ana khalidwe labwino ngati mavuto akupezeka kuti athandize wogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto a khalidwe, kupeza njira yothetsera vutoli. Mitundu yonse ya zinthu zomwe zingakhudze ubwino wa chithandizo cha kutentha zimayendetsedwa kuti zitsimikizire kupanga zinthu zoyenerera ndi khalidwe labwino, ntchito zodalirika komanso kukhutira kwamakasitomala.

Zomwe zili pakuwunika kwa khalidwe la kutentha

(1) Pre-heat treatment of forging

Cholinga cha preheat mankhwala forgings ndi kusintha microstructure ndi kufewetsa zipangizo, kuti atsogolere processing makina, kuthetsa nkhawa ndi kupeza abwino choyambirira microstructure kutentha kutentha. Chithandizo cha kutentha chisanadze mbali zina zazikulu ndiyenso chithandizo chomaliza cha kutentha, chithandizo cha kutentha chisanadze nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito normalizing ndi annealing.

1) Kuphatikizika kwa zitsulo zopangira zitsulo ndikosavuta kutulutsa chifukwa njerezo zimatenthedwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa nthawi yayitali. Pambuyo pa annealing, annealing kapena normalizing annealing ayenera kuchitidwa kachiwiri kuti ayenge mbewu.

2) Kumangirira kwathunthu kwazitsulo zomangika nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza ma microstructure, kuyenga tirigu, kuchepetsa kuuma komanso kuthetsa kupsinjika kwapakati ndi kutsika kwa zitsulo za carbon, zowotcherera, kugudubuza kotentha ndi zowotcha.

3) Isothermal annealing ya alloy structural chitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pakumanga chitsulo cha 42CrMo.

4) Spheroidizing annealing ya zitsulo zitsulo Cholinga cha spheroidizing annealing ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yodula ndi kuzizira kozizira.

5) Kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa kupsinjika Cholinga cha kuchepetsa kupsinjika ndikuchotsa kupsinjika kwamkati kwazitsulo zoponyera zitsulo, zida zowotcherera ndi zida zamakina, ndikuchepetsa kupunduka ndi kusweka kwazomwe zimachitika pambuyo pake.

6) Recrystallization annealing Cholinga cha recrystallization annealing ndi kuthetsa kuzizira kuuma kwa workpiece.

7) Normalizing cholinga normalizing ndi kukonza dongosolo ndi kuyeretsa njere, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chisanadze kutentha mankhwala kapena monga chomaliza kutentha mankhwala.

Zomangamanga zomwe zimapezedwa ndi annealing ndi normalizing ndi pearlite. Mu kuyendera khalidwe, cholinga ndi kuchita kuyendera magawo ndondomeko, ndiko kuti, m'kati annealing ndi normalizing, kuchita otaya fufuzani kuphedwa kwa magawo ndondomeko, amene ali woyamba, pa mapeto a ndondomeko makamaka kuyesa kuuma. , metallographic structure, decarbonization kuya, ndi annealing normalizing zinthu, riboni, mauna carbide ndi zina zotero.

(2) Chigamulo cha annealing ndi normalizing zolakwika

1) Kulimba kwachitsulo chapakati cha kaboni ndikokwera kwambiri, komwe nthawi zambiri kumabwera chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri komanso kuzizira kofulumira kwambiri pakumangirira. Mkulu wa carbon zitsulo zambiri kutentha isothermal ndi otsika, kugwira nthawi sikokwanira ndi zina zotero. Ngati mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa achitika, kuuma kungathe kuchepetsedwa mwa kubwezeretsanso molingana ndi ndondomeko yoyenera.

2) Gulu lamtunduwu limapezeka muzitsulo za subeutectoid ndi hypereutectoid, subeutectoid zitsulo zonembera ferrite, hypereutectoid steel network carbide, chifukwa chake ndi chakuti kutentha kwa kutentha kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, kuzizira kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthetsa normalizing. Yang'anani molingana ndi muyezo womwe waperekedwa.

3) Decarbonization pamene annealing kapena normalizing, mu ng'anjo mpweya, workpiece popanda mpweya chitetezo Kutentha, chifukwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa pamwamba zitsulo ndi decarbonization.

4) Graphite carbon Graphite carbon imapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa carbides, makamaka chifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu komanso nthawi yayitali yogwira. Pambuyo pakuwoneka kwa carbon graphite muzitsulo, zidzapezeka kuti kuuma kozimitsa kumakhala kochepa, mfundo yofewa, mphamvu yochepa, brittleness, fracture ndi imvi yakuda ndi mavuto ena, ndipo workpiece ikhoza kuchotsedwa pamene mpweya wa graphite ukuwonekera.

(3) Chithandizo chomaliza cha kutentha

Kuyang'ana kwabwino kwa kutentha komaliza kwa ma forgings popanga nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo kuzimitsa, kuzimitsa pamwamba komanso kutentha.

1) Kusintha. Kuzimitsa mapindikidwe ayenera kufufuzidwa molingana ndi zofunika, monga mapindikidwe amaposa zomwe amapatsidwa, ayenera kuwongoleredwa, monga pazifukwa zina sangathe kuwongoka, ndi mapindikidwe kuposa processing malipiro, akhoza kukonzedwa, njira ndi kuzimitsa ndi. kupsya workpiece mu zofewa boma kuwongola kukwaniritsa zofunika kachiwiri, workpiece ambiri pambuyo quenching ndi tempering mapindikidwe, osapitirira 2/3 kuti 1/2 gawo.

2) Kusweka. Palibe ming'alu amaloledwa padziko workpiece iliyonse, kotero kutentha kutentha mbali ayenera 100% anayendera. Malo olimbikitsira kupsinjika, ngodya zakuthwa, makiyi, mabowo opyapyala, zolumikizira zowonda, zopindika ndi zopindika, ndi zina zambiri, ziyenera kutsindika.

3) Kutentha kwambiri ndi kutentha. Pambuyo kuzimitsa, workpiece saloledwa kukhala coarse acicular martensite superheated minofu ndi tirigu malire makutidwe ndi okosijeni superheated minofu, chifukwa kutenthedwa ndi overburning zingachititse mphamvu kuchepetsa, brittleness kuwonjezeka ndi akulimbana mosavuta.

4) Oxidation ndi decarbonization. Processing chilolezo cha workpiece yaing'ono, makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi decarbonization kulamulira ena okhwima, kwa kudula zida ndi abrading zida, saloledwa kukhala decarbonization chodabwitsa, mu quenching mbali anapeza kwambiri makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi decarbonization, Kutentha kutentha ayenera kukhala mkulu kwambiri kapena kugwira nthawi yaitali kwambiri. , kotero ziyenera kukhala nthawi yomweyo kuyang'anitsitsa kutentha.

5) Zofewa. Mfundo yofewa idzachititsa workpiece kuvala ndi kuwonongeka kutopa, kotero palibe mfundo zofewa, mapangidwe zifukwa zosayenera Kutentha ndi kuzirala kapena gulu m'mphawi ya zipangizo, kukhalapo kwa gulu gulu ndi otsalira decarbonization wosanjikiza, ndi zina zotero, mfundo zofewa. ziyenera kukonzedwa munthawi yake.

6) Kusakwanira kuuma. Kawirikawiri workpiece kuzimitsa Kutentha kutentha kwambiri, mochulukira yotsalira austenite kungachititse kuti kuchepetsa kuuma, otsika Kutentha kutentha kapena osakwanira akugwira nthawi, ndi kuzimitsa kuzirala liwiro sikokwanira, ntchito zosayenera zidzachititsa osakwanira kuzimitsa kuuma. Zomwe zili pamwambazi zitha kukonzedwa.

7) Ng'anjo yosambira yamchere. Mkulu ndi sing'anga pafupipafupi ndi lawi kuzimitsa workpiece, palibe kuwotcha chodabwitsa.

Pambuyo yomaliza kutentha mankhwala a mbali pamwamba sadzakhala ndi dzimbiri, kugunda, shrinkage, kuwonongeka ndi zina zolakwika.