⑴ ajị elu:
Bụ elu nke nchara site na ngwa ngwa kpo oku dị oke mkpa n'elu, mana okpomọkụ enweghị oge iji gbasaa na isi, nke na-akọwaghị mgbanwe nke ala na core agbanweghi ma na-agbanweghi. Kwesịrị ekwesị maka igwe carbon.

Ọgwụ ọkụ na-agwọ ọrịa:
Na-ezo aka na kemịkal nke atom, na ike nke atọm Mgbanwe na oke nke elu ahụ, ka ọ gbanwee elu ahụ kemịkalụ nke elu ahụ, iji nweta elu nke elu nke nzukọ na arụmọrụ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ. Dika udiri udiri ihe eji eme nri, enwere ike kewara ọgwụgwọ ikuku, enwere ike kewabere ya na carburizing, nitroizing, syridition na iwu mmebi iwu.
Carburizing: Carburing bụ usoro carbon nke carbon na-abanye n'elu akwa. Bụ iji mee ka carbon steel dị ala nwere akwa mkpuchi carbon dị elu, mgbe ahụ mgbe ọ ga-eme ka ọ dị elu, yabụ na akụkụ dị ala nke na-eguzosi ike na-eme ka ike na platbort carbon dị ala.
Nitring, ma ọ bụ nitroide, bụ usoro nke elu steel na-abanye atọm atomen atọm. Ebumnuche bụ imezi ihe siri ike ma yie iguzogide elu nke elu oyi akwa ma melite ike ọgwụgwụ ike na nguzogide na-eguzogide ya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji usoro nitroning nitring na mmepụta.
Site na ịba ụba, nke a makwaara dị ka carbonitringa, bụ n'otu oge na carbon na nitrogen atọ n'ime ígwè. Ọ na-eme ka elu nchara na njiri mara nke nitro.
Enthetrantion ọla: na-ezo aka na peneters nke atọm na steel oyi akwa. Ọ bụ iji mee ka elu igwe kwụ ọtọ, iji mee ka ọrụ ahụ dị elu nwere njiri mara, ndị na-eguzogide, chromizing, na-emechi, silicon na ndị ọzọ.