Ke kalaiwa anahiki i ke kaʻina hana ke hālāwai me nā pilikia like ʻole, e hoʻolauna mākou i nā kikoʻī.
Hoʻokahi, kiʻiʻoniʻoni alumini oxide:
ʻO ke kiʻi oxide o ka alumini alumini ka mea maʻamau ma kamake forgedpunawelewele, kokoke i ka ili kaawale. ʻO ka ʻili o ka haʻihaʻi he ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona: ʻo ka mua, he pālahalaha a ʻokoʻa ke kala mai ke kala-hina a me ka melemele māmā i ka ʻeleʻele a me ka ʻeleʻele; ʻO ka lua, liʻiliʻi nā kiko, paʻa a ʻālohilohi. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide o ka alumini alumini i ka wā e hui pū ai ka ʻili hoʻoheheʻe i hōʻike ʻia me ka mahu wai a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea metala ʻē aʻe i ka lewa i ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hana ʻana. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia i loko o ka metala wai e pili ana i ka hana hoʻolei. ʻAʻohe hopena koʻikoʻi o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide ma ka forging parts a me ka make forgings i nā waiwai mechanical longitudinal.

ʻElua, hoʻokaʻawale carbide:
Wahi a ka HebeiNa Hana Puka, Hoʻokaʻawale carbide maʻamau i loko o ke kila kila me ka kiʻekiʻe kalapona maʻiʻo, ka mea i ikeia e oi aku kūloko carbide accumulation, nui no ka leaustenite eutectic carbide a me ka lua o ka pūnaewele carbide i loko o ke kila,ʻaʻole i uhaʻi a me ke kaulike ma ke kaʻina hana o ka wehe forging. Carbide segregation e ho'ēmi i ka forging deformation hiki o ke kila, ma ke kaʻina hana o ke ahi maʻalahi e alakaʻi i ka māwae, wela lapaʻau a me quenching forgings oluolu e overheat a quenching, oki mea paahana maka maʻalahi.
ʻEkolu, laina ʻālohilohi:
ʻO nā laina ʻālohilohi he mau laina lahilahi i loaʻa ka ʻikena a me ka ʻōlinolino aniani i ka haʻi longitudinal i ka wā e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai, ka hapa nui o ia mau mea i puʻunaue ʻia i loko o ka haʻi a ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui ma ke axis. ʻO nā laina ʻālohilohi ke kumu nui ʻia e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka alloy. He liʻiliʻi ka hopena o nā laina ʻālohilohi i nā waiwai mechanical o nā mea, a ʻo nā laina ʻālohilohi koʻikoʻi e hōʻemi i ka plasticity a me ka paʻakikī o nā mea.
ʻO ka mea i luna aʻe ka hoʻolauna ʻana i kekahi mau pilikia i loaʻa i ka hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, inā he nīnau ʻē aʻe, e ʻoluʻolu e nīnau mai iā mākou.