ʻO ka loiloi o ka mīkini hana o ka indicement crack e hana ana i ke kumu nui o ka crack,ʻo ia ka kumu kumu no kaʻikeʻana. Hiki ke nānā i ka he nui e kala aku i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua a me nā hoʻokolohua hoʻohuhihiʻiaʻo keʻano o nā mea hao kīwī.

1

Ma ke kaʻina hana holoʻokoʻa o ka deformation, ke kaʻina hana o ka mokulele, a i ka wā e hui ai i ke alaloa, e hoʻohui pū me ka nui o ka hoʻouluʻana i kaʻoihana. ʻO kēia mau huahelu koʻikoʻi ma ka papahele deformition he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hoʻopiʻi nuiʻia ka pae deformation. ʻO kēiaʻano o ka crack ka mea maʻamau a iʻole transgranuular a i hui pūʻia, akā, he kūlana haʻahaʻa loa, a hana i keʻano o ka deformation. ʻO nā mea hana macrovonomic.

2. Nā mea hana raw me nā mea uneven mechanism a me nā hiʻohiʻona.

No nā mea me nā mea like me nā mea likeʻole a me nā waiwai, nā mea i hana pinepineʻia ma nā palena palaoa a me nāʻaoʻao phase. ʻO kēia no ka mea ua laweʻia ka deformation e pili ana i ka mahana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o nā mea i like me nā kumumanaʻo. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka palena palaoa, he nui loa ka palena o ka palaoa, no laila he nui nā kumukūʻai o nā waiwai metallggina, he mau meaʻona a me nā meaʻole o ka lua o keʻano. Ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe,ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma nā palena o nā huapalapala o kekahi mau mea e hoʻohālikelike ai

Ho'ēmi i ka manaʻo o ka plastics o nā mea hao; I ka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, he mau nahele (Sulfur, keleawe, etc.) i nāʻano he nui, e like me ka palena o ka lua. No nā mea'ē aʻe, ua hōʻehaʻia nā mea kaua a me nā mea haoʻole i kekahi mau hana no nāʻano likeʻole o nā mea likeʻole o nāʻanoʻelua.

Ua hoʻohana pinepineʻia nā mea waiwai i nā mea maʻamau i ke kalaʻanaʻaʻole he symmetrical maʻamau. No laila, ke kīlei nā ke kalaʻana o nā mea kūʻai manuahi a me nā mea hoʻomohala i ka palena paʻapaʻa a iʻole ka palena o ka laulā palaoa ke kala nei.