Maikaʻi ka ʻimi ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā māwae i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kumu koʻikoʻi o ka māwae, ʻo ia ke kumu kumu no ka ʻike ʻana i nā māwae. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka nui o nā hoʻokolohua forging crack case a me nā hoʻokolohua hou ʻana ʻaʻole symmetrical ka mīkini a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hao hao hao, nona ka pōʻino nui o ka māwae.

1. Nā mea maka me nā ʻano like ʻole.

I ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka deformation, dislocation hoʻoikaika kino ma ka sliding plane, a i ka wa e halawai ai me ka roadblock, e ahu iho ia a me ka nui o ka 'āina stress e hana māwae, a cavitation a me micro-mawae ma muli o ka pilina o dislocation, i hui pū me. ke au hoʻomohala o nā māwae macro-economic. ʻO kēia kī i ka hopena o ka wela deformation he haʻahaʻa (haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka mahana paʻakikī o ka hana), a i ʻole ka nui o ka deformation pae, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka deformation. ʻO kēia ʻano māwae he transgranular a i ʻole transgranular a hui pū ʻia, akā no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā molekala kiʻekiʻe o ka diffusion o waho, kūpono i ka piʻi ʻana o ka dislocation, e hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka hana paʻakikī, no laila ua hoʻomaka ke kaʻina deformation i ka micro. ʻO ka maʻalahi ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, i ka mahana deformation kūpono, ʻano lohi ka deformation rate, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomohala i ke ʻano no nā māwae macroeconomic.

2. Nā mea maka me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.

No nā mea me nā mīkini asymmetrical a me nā waiwai, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā māwae ma nā palena palaoa a me kekahi mau ʻaoʻao pae. ʻO kēia no ka mea e hana maʻamau ʻia ka deformation forging a puni ka wela like o ka ikaika o nā mea metala. He nui loa ka deformation o ka palena palaoa, no laila, ʻo ka palena o nā mea metala ka hemahema o ka ʻoihana metallurgical, ʻoi aku ka pae lua a me nā mea non-metallic i ka wahi. I nā wela kiʻekiʻe, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma nā palena palaoa o kekahi mau mea maka.

E ho'ēmi i ka deformation plastic o nā mea maka; Ma ka wela wela, ua hoʻopuehu ʻia kekahi mau mea (sulfur, copper, etc.) i loko o nā mea a puni ma ka palena o ka palaoa i loko a i waho o ka mea metala, e hopena i ke ʻano ʻano o ka pae lua a me ka nāwaliwali o ka palena ʻai. . No kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā mea metala maʻamau me kekahi mau ʻāpana ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o nā pae ʻelua.

ʻAʻole kūlike nā mea maka i hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka forging. No laila, hiki mai ka māwae o ka hoʻohalahala manuahi a ulu ma ka palena o ka palaoa a i ʻole ka palena ʻāpana i ka wā kiʻekiʻe o ka wela forging deformation.