ʻO kamea kalaiʻO ka nui o ke kila kalapona a me ke kila kila, a ukali ʻia e ka aluminika, ka magnesium, ke keleawe, ka titanium a me kā lākou mau ala. ʻO ke kūlana kumu o ka mea ʻo ka bar, ingot, ka pauka metala a me ka metala wai. Ua kapa ʻia ka ratio o ka ʻāpana keʻa o ka metala ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻanaratio forging. koho pololei oratio forging, ka mahana wela kūpono a me ka manawa paʻa, kūpono ka wela forging mua a me ka wela forging hope, ka nui kūpono o ka deformation a me ka wikiwiki deformation i ka hopena nui i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai.

General liʻiliʻi anā kalaiwa waenahe poepoe a huinahalike paha e like me na bila. Loaʻa i nā pahu ka hoʻolālā palaoa like ʻole a me nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi, ke ʻano kūpono a me ka nui, ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili, kūpono no ka hana nui. I ka lōʻihi o ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana wela a me nā kūlana deformation, maikaʻinā kalaiwahiki ke kalaia me ka olekalai nuideformation.
Hoʻohana wale ʻia ka Ingotnā kalaiwa nui. ʻO ka ingot kahi hoʻolālā like-cast me nā kristal columnar nui a me nā kikowaena wehe. No laila, pono e wāwahi ʻia nā kolamu kolamu i loko o nā kīʻaha maikaʻi ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plastik nui, a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa haʻahaʻa ke loaʻa i ke ʻano metala maikaʻi loa a me nā waiwai mechanical.
Hiki ke hana 'ia ka pauda mai loko mai o ka pauda metallurgy preforms ma hope o ke kaomi 'ana a me ke puhi 'ana ma lalo o ke 'ano welamake forgingme ka pahee ole.Hoʻopaʻakokoke ka pauda i ka mānoanoa o ka mea maʻamaumake forgings, me nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka ʻoki ʻana ma hope. ʻO ka pauka pauka me ka hoʻolālā kūloko like ʻole a ʻaʻohe hoʻokaʻawale hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o ka pauka ma mua o ka pā maʻamau, no laila ua kaupalena ʻia kāna noi i ka hana. ,
ʻO ke ʻano makemake a me nā waiwai omake forgingshiki ke loaʻa ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaomi static i ka metala wai e ninini ana i loko o ke keʻena make e hoʻopaʻa, crystallize, kahe, plastic deformation a me ke ʻano ma lalo o ka hana o ke kaomi. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka metala wai he ʻano hana ma waena o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka make, kūpono loa no nā ʻāpana paʻakikī paʻakikī i paʻakikī ke hana ʻia e nā mea maʻamau.make forging.
Ke kalaiwa ananā mea i hoʻohui ʻia i nā mea maʻamau, e like me nā ʻano like ʻole o ke kila kalapona a me ke kila kila, a ukali ʻia e ka aluminika, ka magnesium, ke keleawe, ka titanium a me kāna mau mea hoʻohui, kiʻekiʻe wela wela kumu hao, nickel base superalloy, cobalt-based superalloy deformation o ka alloy hoʻohana hoʻi forging a olokaʻa ala, wale ka huila ma muli o kona plastik wahi mea ololi, pela kake kalaiwa anaʻOi aku ka nui o ka paʻakikī, ʻO nā mea like ʻole ka wela wela, ka wela forging wehe a me ka wela forging hope loa nā koi koʻikoʻi.