'ŌleloE kala mai i nā lakoʻo ka kila carbon nui a me nā kila hoʻohui, ukaliʻia e alumini, magnesium, magnesium, bicper, titinit a me ko lākou mau makemake. ʻO ke kūlana kumu o ka waihona,ʻo Bart, Ingot ʻO ka māhele o ka'āpana'āpana o keʻano o kahi metala ma mua a ma hope o ka heleʻana o ka deformationE LOA. ^. Koho kūpono oE LOA, ke kū pono neiʻo ia i ka wela a hoʻopaʻa i ka manawa e hopohopo ai ke kala ana i ka mahana o ka wela a me ka hopena o ka deformation a me ka uku uku.

ʻO ka mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi aNā liona hoʻopunipunia puni paha nā pahu a iʻole paha e like me nā bilets. Loaʻa i nā kīʻaha ka nui o ka palaoa a me nā mea hana maikaʻiʻole, kūpono a me ka nui, maikaʻi maikaʻi, maikaʻi maikaʻi, kūpono no ka hana nui. I ka lōʻihi e like me keʻano o keʻano o keʻano a me nā kūlana deformation e mālama ponoʻia, maikaʻiUa kalaʻiahiki ke hanaʻoleʻoleKe kala nui neihana.
Hoʻohana waleʻiaʻo Ingot nonā kala nui. ^. ʻO ka ingoot heʻano e like me nā mea kūʻai aku me nā crystals nui a me nā mea kūʻai aku. No laila, pono ke uhaʻiʻia nā carthys colstas i nā pukumu maikaʻi ma o nā umauma plaspeila nui, a wehe i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā wahi kī'olepeʻa.
Hiki ke mālamaʻia nā kalaʻana mai ka mua - i hana i nā mea hana ma muaUa makeme ka pauʻole.Ua kalaʻiakokoke i ka pauka i ka nui o nā maʻamauUa luku, me nā mea hana maikaʻi a me ke kiʻekiʻe,ʻo ia ka mea e hiki ke hōʻemi i kaʻokiʻana ma hope. ʻO nā kala kalaka me nāʻano kūloko kūloko aʻaʻohe mea e hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia e hana e hana i nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā hana hana'ē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, uaʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paulder iʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pahu maʻamau, no laila ua palenaʻia kāna noi. ,
Ka manaʻo makemake a me nā waiwai oUa lukuhiki ke loaʻa ma ka noiʻana i ke kaomi static i ka wai wai e ninini ana i ke keʻena make e hana ai, e kahe ana i lalo o ka hana o ke kaomi. ʻO nā wai inu wai make e ho'ōla ana i keʻano he hana ma waena o ka makeʻana, e hana ponoʻia no nā'āpana paʻakikī e like me ka paʻakikīUa make.
KākauNā mea waiwai hou i nā mea maʻamau, e like me keʻano likeʻole o ka carbon a me nā mea kanu keleawe, nā magy great hoʻohana pū kekahi i ke kalaʻana a iʻole ke alaʻana, wale nō ka alloy ma muli o kona wahi pāpū, pēlāKākauʻO ka paʻakikī e nui loa, nā mea likeʻole i ka mahana wela, wehe i ke kalaʻana i keʻano a me ke kalaʻana i keʻano o ka wela.